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Peyote is a small, spineless cactus, Lophophora williamsii, whose principal active ingredient is the hallucinogen mescaline. From earliest recorded time, peyote has been used by natives in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States as a part of traditional religious rites.

The top of the cactus above ground - also referred to as the crown - consists of disc-shaped buttons that are cut from the roots and dried. These buttons are generally chewed or soaked in water to produce an intoxicating liquid. The hallucinogenic dose for mescaline is about 0.3 to 0.5 grams (equivalent to about 5 grams of dried peyote) and lasts about 12 hours. While peyote produced rich visual hallucinations which were important to the native peyote cults, the full spectrum of effects served as a chemically induced model of mental illness. Mescaline can be extracted from peyote or produced synthetically.

According to the works of Carlos Castaņeda, the Peyote God is named Mescalito and can manifest himself in many different ways.

Mescaline

Mescaline (C11H17NO3, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine hydrochloride is also effective)) is a hallucinogenic drug and entheogen. It is either extracted from the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii or Anhalonium lewinii), the San Pedro cactus (Trichocereus pachanoi), the Peruvian Torch (Trichocereus peruvianus) or created synthetically (from 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde, nitromethane, cyclohexylamine and acetic acid, initially) forming white crystals. Effective dosage is 200-400mg (3.75 mg/kg) with the effects lasting for up to twelve hours.

Extract from peyote it was used in religious ceremonies from the earliest human contact, notably by the Huichols in Mexico. Because of this mescaline has become the standard against which other compounds are compared. There are four natural analogues of mescaline which are also used. It was first isolated and identified in 1897 by the German Arthur Heffter and first synthesized in 1919. In the US it was made illegal in 1970 by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act.

Resource used: Wikipedia.

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